Smart contracts are digitally stored contracts that are automatically executed upon meeting pre-set terms and conditions. They’re used to automate contract execution to immediately assure all participants of the outcome without a third-party involvement or time wastage. Smart contracts are prone to vulnerabilities, and attacks such asreentrancy, front running, ETH send a rejection, and integer overflow or underflow. However, smart contracts are fast, efficient, and accurate, and they promote trust and transparency. Since they are encrypted, they’re hard to hack, ensuring security. Here are best practices for Ethereum smart contracts security.
1. Conduct smart contract audits
A smart contract audit is a security check conducted on smart contract on-chain code to ensure it is free of bugs and other security vulnerabilities. The audit process is done to identify issues, errors, and security concerns in the code to recommend improvements and fix them. Audits increase a business’s credibility and help win user experience. To mitigate any risks, involve the auditors from the early stages of contract designing. This helps ensure your code’s security and the safety of clients’ investments.
2. Ensure careful rollouts
Being attentive and careful will help identify and fix bugs before they can cause long-term complications in a smart contract’s functionality. To ensure intelligent contracts are free from bugs before release, comprehensively test the arrangements to identify any bugs better. If you don’t succeed at finding the bugs, look for a professional bug bounty hunter to help with the effective rolling of your smart contract. Consider rolling out your smart contract to simplify the identification of vulnerabilities.
3. Stay up to date
Keeping track of the latest developments helps improve an intelligent contract’s design to identify bugs quickly. To successfully track new developments, carefully check your contracts to identify any new bugs. Staying up to date with the latest security advancements helps to identify bugs quickly. Consider adopting new security techniques that seem productive as a smart contract best practice. Additionally, upgrading any tool or library helps with bug fixes and security updates that strengthen your smart contract’s security.
4. Keep the contracts simple
Complex smart contracts may lead to increased errors and vulnerabilities. To ensure contract simplicity, choose clarity over performance and simple contract logic. Where possible, use an already written code and modularize it to keep functions and contracts small. If parts of your system need decentralization, only use blockchain.
5. Pay attention to blockchain properties
Some of the blockchain properties to beware of include external contract calls that may perform malicious code, alter control flow, and remember gas costs and the block gas limit. Don’t forget that public functions can maliciously be called in any order and that anyone can view intelligent contracts. Beware that timestamp isn’t precise on a blockchain, but miners can impact a transaction’s execution time with a very short margin.
6. Be prepared for failure
Since non-retrieval contracts may have errors, ensure that your code can respond to bugs and vulnerabilities by managing the amount of money at risk, pausing a contract in case of any issues, and having an upgrade plan for improvements and bug fixes.
Due to various contract vulnerabilities, smart contract developers should pay attention to intelligent contracts security best practices. This ensures the system’s security and the safety of all financial investments.
Nigeria is ranked as Africa’s largest country with the most crypto traders and ranks third globally. The country accounts for the largest volume of cryptocurrency transactions outside the United States. In the last six months, it has been recorded that about 35% of the Nigerian population has traded cryptocurrency.
As encouraging as these numbers may be, Nigeria, as an environment, has been very unfriendly to cryptocurrency and its related aspects. Last year, the Central Bank of Nigeria ordered all commercial banks and lenders to stop transactions or operations in cryptocurrencies, citing a significant threat to the country’s financial system.
The ban on cryptocurrency in Nigeria was big negativity to the Nigerian youth, especially knowing that over 50 million of the population are involved in cryptocurrency. During this time, a lot of crypto trading platforms were shut down in the country. Also, many bank accounts suspected of dealing with cryptocurrency were locked, including their funds.
Even today (as of May 27, 2022), any bank transaction with a description or notes of “crypto,” “bitcoin,” “P2P,” or any crypto-related words will be locked away alongside the account(s).
The unfriendly treatment of cryptocurrency in the country is alarming. In the plight of making a positive solution, the community led to adopting systems where crypto traders could trade cryptocurrency without involving the bank.
Top 4 Problems Nigerians Face When Dealing with Cryptocurrency
Where to Buy or Sell Cryptocurrencies
Today, finding the right crypto trading platform that works for you significantly can be frustrating. Many cryptocurrency exchanges came into existence to aid in safer cryptocurrency transactions in the country. In this plight, some fraudulent platforms were made in disguise to exploit money from crypto investors. How would Nigerian crypto traders know which platform is genuine or not? With some checklists for selecting the best crypto exchange in Nigeria, you will be given key guidelines on how to choose the best place to sell bitcoin in Nigeria.
Speed of Transactions
A fast crypto transaction is important as the speed of cryptocurrency may block. Most times, transactions take hours to complete. Ideally, crypto transactions on regular crypto trading platforms take between 10 minutes to one hour. Surprisingly, some take over 5 hours. However, a few crypto transactions can take less than five minutes, depending on the app. In cases where we need transactions done quickly, or we accept crypto payments for your business, how do we intend to confirm payment before allowing customers to take their products? Should the customer wait for hours?
The speed of transactions has been a damaging factor for most Nigerian crypto traders. This has been a reason why many Nigerian companies find it difficult to accept cryptocurrency as payment options for their businesses.
High and Inconsistent Fees
Crypto transaction fees are another issue many Nigerians face. To really compare the best options for you, you have to look at the fees before and after conversion. What are the withdrawal fees, processing fees, and receiving fees,… These fees cause a huge discouragement in crypto trading in the country.
Limitations
It is saddening that many Nigerian crypto traders cannot make transactions because many of these crypto trading apps have put some limits on how much they can withdraw, receive, buy or sell. This breaches the purpose of cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency has made it easy for people to send money from one place to another without a barrier. Why should I not be able to receive my funds because it is below your limit for withdrawal?
Limitations have made many Nigerians lose interest in cryptocurrency or lose their cryptos.
These factors, alongside many others, have caused the trading of cryptocurrency in Nigeria very difficult.
How Breet Solves Some of the Issues Nigerians Face in Cryptocurrency
Breet is an OTC crypto exchange platform that allows users and businesses who simply want to receive crypto and get a flat equivalent of their coin to convert their crypto to cash money immediately.
With Breet’s over-the-counter system, you are saved from the hassle of boring explanations of what and how crypto works and tedious illustrations of cryptocurrency market charts. Breet enables users to securely convert and withdraw their crypto coin to cash money in less than five(5) minutes without the use of peer-to-peer trading or any third-party agent.
Breet is a revolutionary new way to convert and withdraw your crypto coin without the need for peer-to-peer trading or any third-party agent. With just one click, you can have cash money in hand within five minutes.
With Breet, you can sell your cryptocurrency in less than 5 minutes. This is an incredible feature on its own, meaning businesses can now accept cryptocurrencies as payment options without having their customers wait for hours to confirm payment.
Breet is also completely free. There are no hidden charges, no withdrawal fees, no processing fees and no receiving fees. There are zero charges with Breet. Breet’s free usage solves the issue of high and inconsistent charges for many Nigerian crypto traders.
There is no limitation to how much you can receive or withdraw on Breet. You don’t have to have about 10,000 Naira worth of cryptocurrency before you can withdraw. You can even withdraw as low as 100 Naira with Breet Exchange.
Breet is simple, free and certified. There is not much sugar coating to tell before believing that Breet is, arguably, the best crypto trading platform in Nigeria currently. The incredible reviews on the Breet app give perfect evidence.
What more do you need? If not, a crypto exchange that makes crypto transactions easy and makes people happy. You should become a Breet user by downloading Breet mobile app available on all Android and iPhone devices.
The much-anticipated transition of the Ethereum network from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus is finally taking place. The adaptation of PoS has always been the plan and a vital part of scaling Ethereum by future upgrades. However, abruptly shifting to PoS can pose significant technical and community challenges that are not as simple as using PoW to achieve network consensus. Having said that, what exactly are PoS and PoW?
Proof of Work
Proof-of-work (PoW) is a consensus algorithm that allows for the secure, decentralised verification of transactions on a blockchain. In a PoW system, miners are responsible for verifying and committing transactions to the blockchain. During the verification process, miners compete against each other to solve complex cryptographic puzzles. The first miner to solve the puzzle is rewarded with cryptocurrency, and the transaction is added to the blockchain.
Reasons To Shift From Proof of Work
The Ethereum ecosystem has evolved at an astounding rate in the last year. This growth was primarily due to a significant emergence and explosion of NFTs and Decentralised Finance (DeFi) initiatives. While the change-over was imminent, some factors to be considered for the same are:
The PoW consensus protocol requires users to utilise significant computational power to validate transactions and add new blocks to the network.
Users who devote their computational resources to the shared ledger are miners.
These miners are rewarded with Ether tokens in exchange for the computing power they have supplied to the network.
With PoW consensus, Ethereum takes up to 113 terawatt-hours of electricity in a year. According to Digiconomist, it is more than the total electricity consumption of the Netherlands per year.
The current Ethereum transaction with PoW consensus takes up energy equivalent to the consumption of one week of energy of an average US household.
With so many downsides to its cap, PoW has many advantages, which is one of the main reasons it has been a reliable consensus for so long. The PoW consensus has been robust and secure all these years. But the consensus can be utilised by a cryptocurrency with a massive valuation and relatively simple use case, such as the bitcoin. With the amount of energy and power involved, it becomes difficult for individuals to meddle with a high valuation asset.
Proof of Stake
The consensus protocol Proof-of-stake (PoS) has been introduced to address the issue of over-mining. Proof of stake (PoS) is critical to understand because it could eventually replace the proof of work (PoW) consensus mechanism that is currently used by most cryptocurrencies.
“PoS is a way to achieve decentralised consensus without using energy-intensive mining. It is an alternative to the more common proof of work algorithm. With PoS, a cryptocurrency’s blockchain is secured by its token holders who are required to lock up their tokens as stake and not by miners equipped with powerful hardware. It’s an energy-efficient, cost-effective and therefore, a popular choice for crypto giants like Ethereum,” states Dev Sharma, CEO of Blockwiz, a crypto marketing agency.
In contrast to PoW, in which the individual who completes the mathematical proof first is rewarded with new coins, with PoS, no new coins are created.
Benefits of Proof of Stake Consensus
Proof-of-stake introduces several enhancements over the PoS mechanism:
Improved resource proficiency – you don’t need as many energy mining blocks.
Minimal entry barriers, lower hardware requirements – Even if you don’t possess top-tier hardware, you still get ample opportunities to participate in the creation of blocks.
More excellent resistance to centralization – PoS would imminently facilitate the generation of more nodes.
Staking facilitates the operation of a node. It does not necessitate significant expenditure on equipment purchases or resources, and if you lack the ETH token to stake, you cannot participate in staking pools.
Staking consensus enables reliable sharding. Shards enable Ethereum to generate new blocks simultaneously, leading to enhanced throughput of transactions.
In a PoW mechanism, sharding the chain would reduce the amount of energy required to modify a particular network section.
In a Nutshell
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of algorithm used by cryptocurrencies to determine who gets to create new blocks on the blockchain. PoS works by requiring users to lock up some of their currency in a smart contract called a stake. In return, they are given the right to validate blocks on the network and earn rewards.
The advantage of PoS is that it doesn’t require the massive energy consumption that PoW does. This non-dependency on massive energy utilisation makes it more environmentally friendly. It reduces the risk of centralisation since few users would be able to control the majority of the currency. Therefore, it’s no wonder that Ethereum is making the much-anticipated switch.
CEO Michael Wu joined Forkast News to discuss crypto’s consumer adoption and what’s next for crypto.
CEO Michael Wu joined CNBC Street Signs Asia to share how Amber Group seeks a balance between regulation and crypto development.
CEO Michael Wu gave an interview with Economist Impact at Technology for Change Week on how to stay ahead of the curve in the fintech space.
Managing Partner Annabelle Huang joined Economist Impact’s Asia Trade Week to discuss the future of crypto as payment in Asia.
Managing Partner Annabelle Huang joined Avalanche Summit to discuss the opportunities and challenges in DeFi.
Managing Partner Annabelle Huang joined Goldman Sach’s panel discussion on “Digital assets – Investing in the future” to celebrate International Women’s Day.
Managing Partner Annabelle Huang gave a guest lecture on DeFi and Web3 for the International Finance class at Singapore Management University.
Managing Partner Annabelle Huang joined the DIG FIN VOX podcast to talk about Amber Group’s move to Singapore and into retail.
CSO Dimitrios Kavvathas joined Blockchain Africa Conference 2022 to discuss institutional investment in crypto.
CSO Dimitrios Kavvathas joined FinTech Festival India at a panel discussion on “De-Fi – A better solution for peer-to-peer lending”.
CSO Dimitrios Kavvathas joined the World Blockchain Summit in Dubai at a panel discussion on “Fostering the global crypto ecosystem”.
Europe Managing Director Sophia Shluger delivered a keynote speech on digital wealth at Blockchain Africa Conference 2022.
Europe Managing Director Sophia Shluger joined the CryptoCompare Summit in London to discuss the building blocks of the new digital economy.
Europe Managing Director Sophia Shluger joined the FundFocus Europe 2022 conference to discuss the foundation for the widespread institutional adoption of cryptocurrency.
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Latin America Managing Director Nicole Pabello joined the Ethereum Rio conference to discuss the LATAM Ecosystem in the world.
Institutional Sales Director Justin d’Anethan joined EmergentX’s Annual Digital Asset Summit to discuss the institutionalizing of the digital asset industry.
Managing Director Ben Radclyffe joined Credit Suisse’s Asian Investment Conference to discuss the spillovers between crypto and equity markets.